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It sports a strong direct signal, accompanied by a distinct and flush group of early reflections. A good sounding speech hall has an “early time gap” in the sequence of ongoing reflections, a unique absence of late reflections. It is important to rearrange the late reflections in designing or re-voicing an auditorium.

If late reflections are diffused or scattered about, they are not removed from the sonic space and the reverberation remains loud. If late reflections are absorbed, they are removed from the sonic space entirely and the overall loudness of the subsequent reverberation is markedly reduced. There are two main ways to get rid of late reflections (including echoes): absorption and diffusion. This helps with the understanding of the direct sound. Late reflections are best converted into early reflections whenever possible because The excessive presence of late reflections makes the difference between a room that yodels and a room that gargles. Late reflections easily backfill those quiet 1/8th second periods, causing separated speech syllables to seem to slur together. Any sound that fills in the 1/8th second of quiet between syllables is noise, and tends to mask and disrupt the understanding of the communicated signal. We can imagine a model for speaking that generates a sequence of sounds, each lasting 1/8th second, followed by 1/8th second of silence. When people are speaking, they produce about 4 complete sonic events per second which are typically interspersed with short quiet moments. To understand speech, we must be able to hear and understand the rapid changing sonic variations within the syllables of speech. Each syllable contains both loudness and tonal variations that add emphasis and even meaning to the spoken word. In order to understand speech, it is important to hear the start, the sound and the ending of each syllable. When too many are coming, there is no hope to separate them in terms of direction or timing but you still hear them as being separate from the direct signal. If you concentrate you might be able to identify where some of the late reflections come from. They can stretch out to around 250 ms (1/4 second) or so, at which point reverberation takes over. Late reflections are those that arrive after about 60 ms following the reception of the direct signal. Echoes are the most obvious late reflections, and multiple strings of echoes are another type of late reflection. There can be just a few late reflections or many. Late reflections are those that are distinguishable as separate acoustic events from the direct signal. LateĮarly reflections are those that bounce off “nearby” objects.

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Read Art Noxon’s full article! Timing Aspect #1: Early vs. This week, use the physical events described below to try to better understand your listening or mixing space, so you may experience the same benefits – on a smaller, faster, more musical scale, of course! Although the specific means of achieving speech intelligibility in a large hall may slightly differ from those used to obtain musical articulation in a small room, the difference is simply in the application and manipulation of timing. We may not always appreciate the degree to which it applies to room acoustics, both large and small. – The Book of Five Rings, Miyamoto Musashi, 1643 From the outset you must know the applicable timing and the inapplicable timing, and from among the large and small things and the fast and slow timings find the relevant timing, first seeing the distance timing and the background timing. All things entail rising and falling timing. It’s time to talk about Large Room Acoustics: The Timing of Reflections. Timing is Everything… …in engines, in investing, in acoustics…and in many aspects of life.

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Reverb reflection graph